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William I Longsword
William I Longsword ((フランス語:Guillaume Longue-Épée), (ラテン語:Willermus Longa Spata), ), (c. 893 – 17 December 942) was the second ruler of Normandy, from 927 until his assassination.〔Detlev Schwennicke, ''Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten'', Neue Folge, Band III Teilband 1 (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 79〕
He is sometimes anachronistically dubbed "Duke of Normandy", even though the title duke (''dux'') did not come into common usage until the 11th century.〔David C. Douglas, 'The Earliest Norman Counts', ''The English Historical Review'', Vol. 61, No. 240 (May, 1946), p. 130〕 William was known at the time by the title count (Latin ''comes'') of Rouen.〔David Crouch, ''The Normans: The History of a Dynasty'', (London: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), p. 14.〕〔''The Normans in Europe'', ed. & trans. Elisabeth van Houts (Manchester; New York: Manchester University Press, 2000),pp. 31, 41, 182〕
Flodoard—always detailed about titles—consistently referred to both Rollo and his son William as ''principes'' (chieftains) of the Norse.〔Eleanor Searle, ''Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840-1066'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), p. 45〕
==Birth==
William was born "overseas"〔Neveux and other authorities believe this may have been in England, as Rollo left Neustria for several years, probably for England. See: Neveux, P. 62; ''Complainte sur l'assassinat de Guillaume Longue-Ėpée, duc de Normandie, poème inédit du Xe siècle'', Gaston Paris; Jules Lair, Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes (1870), Volume 31, Issue 31, p. 397; ''Complainte de la mort de Guillaume Longue Ėpėe''; and Prentout, ''Etude critique sur Dudon de Saint-Quentin'', 178-9 ().〕〔François Neveux, ''A Brief History of the Normans'', trans. Howard Curtis (London: Constable & Robbinson, Ltd, 2008), p. 62 & n. 111〕 to the Viking Rollo, while he was still a pagan, and his Christian wife Poppa of Bayeux.〔David C. Douglas, 'Rollo of Normandy', ''The English Historical Review'', Vol. 57, No. 228 (Oct., 1942), p. 422〕〔Orderic Vitalis, ''The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis'', ed. Marjorie Chibnall, Vol. II (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), P. 7〕 Dudo of Saint-Quentin in his panegyric of the Norman dukes describes Poppa as the daughter of a count Beranger, the dominant prince of that region.〔Douglas, 'Rollo of Normandy', p. 417〕 In the 11th century ''Annales Rouennaises'' (Annals of Rouen), she is called the daughter of Guy, Count of Senlis,〔K.S.B. Keats-Rohan, 'Poppa of Bayeux and Her Family', ''The American Genealogist'', vol. 72, no. 4 (July–October 1997), p. 198〕 otherwise unknown to history.〔See Commentary: The origin of Poppa at: (Stewart Baldwin, ''The Henry Project: "Poppa" ) for more detailed discussion and opinions.〕 Despite the uncertainty of her parentage she was undoubtedly a member of the Frankish aristocracy.〔Neveux, pp. 60-1〕 According to the William's planctus, he was baptized a Christian probably at the same time as his father,〔Crouch, p. 9〕 which Orderic Vitalis stated was in 912 and by Franco, Archbishop of Rouen〔Vitalis, p. 67 (Citing William of Jumièges, Book II, ch. 12())〕
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